Dietary Patterns Associated with Microbial Imbalance

In contrast, modern Western dietary patterns often drive an imbalance in the gut microbiome – known as dysbiosis. This includes a reduction in microbial diversity, loss of beneficial species, and overgrowth of less beneficial microbes.

1. Western-Style Diet (high-fat, low-fiber, high-sugar)

Why it’s harmful: Lacks fermentable substrates, deficient in essential micronutrients, high in emulsifiers and additives that impair the gut barrier.
Microbial effect: Reduced diversity, increased endotoxin-producing bacteria.
Metabolite profile: Decreased SCFAs and indole derivatives like IPA; elevated kynurenine (KYN), a pro-inflammatory TRP metabolite.
Consequences risks:
Weakened barrier function
Elevated systemic immune activation
Greater metabolic strain and reduced resilience

2. Low-Fiber, Ultra-Processed Diets

Why it’s harmful: Starves keystone microbes and promotes mucus degradation. These diets are also low in essential nutrients, which impairs both microbial metabolism and host immune function.
Microbial effect: Loss of keystone species and reduced microbial diversity.
Consequences:
- Weakened gut barrier function
- Higher susceptibility to immune stress
- Impaired microbial conversion of tryptophan to IPA
- Reduced resilience to dietary stressors and antibiotics

3. Excess Alcohol and Chronic Stress

Why it’s harmful: Alcohol directly damages the intestinal lining and alters microbial balance; stress increases cortisol, activating TDO and promoting heightened KYN production. Both can deplete key nutrients, further compromising gut and immune health.
Consequences:
- Elevated KYN:TRP ratio (a marker of immune stress)
- Altered mood, sleep, metabolism

Dietary Pattern	Microbial Effects	Metabolite outcome	Relevant effects
Mediterranean/Plant-rich	↑ Diversity, ↑ SCFA/IPA producers	↑ SCFAs, ↑ IPA	Supports immune balance, promotes metabolic resilience
Western diet	↓ Diversity, ↑ endotoxin producers	↓ SCFAs, ↓ IPA, ↑ KYN	Greater immune stress, reduced metabolic flexibility
Polyphenol-rich	↑ Beneficial anaerobes	↑ Antioxidant-supportive metabolites	Reduced oxidative stress, supports vascular balance
Low- fiber/processed	↓ Beneficial microbes/microbial diversity	↓ SCFAs, ↓ indoles	Weakened gut barrier resilience, less stable immune tone
Alcohol/chronic stress	Disruption of microbial ecosystem	↑ KYN, ↓ IPA	Greater psychological and metabolic strain, reduced resilience

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